Essential Trace Metals in Seaweed

Essential Trace Metals in Seaweed0 IntroductionSeaweeds argon marine macro-algae that are one of the donjon renewable resources of the marine environment and well known for its potential food and therapeutic applications (Tseng, 2004). correspond to Awang et al. (2008), Sabah and Sarawak have a great potential for the cultivation of seaweed. The seaweeds constitute in Sabah such as Kappaphycus alvarezii, Ulva reticulate, Gracilaria changgi, Caulerpa lentillifera and Sargassum polycystum species.Seaweeds are one of the best sources of demand wind metallic elements. Essential sign metals are metals needed by tender-hearted body in little quantity. These metals brush aside be determined by development atomic spectroscopy techniques. Consumption of seaweeds digest increase the center of dietary fiber and lower the development of some chronic illnesses (S come outhgate, 1990). The followings are some inseparable singularity metals lay out in seaweeds and their benefits to hu man (Alexander, 2014)However, some questioners describe that some seaweed are contaminated and contained high amount of substantive decode metals more than the amount needed to human body. These are due to the area and conditions of seawater. According to Noda (1993) the chemical composition of seaweed whitethorn vary due to the species, geographic area, seasons of the year and temperature of water.This topic focused on the congenital trace metals found in contrasting type of seaweeds. The terminations of the concentration of the essential trace metals are compa bolshy to dietary reference intakes (DRI). This study is significant to show the role of essential trace metals and enhance the consciousness on the importance of essential trace metals to human health.Problem StatementSeaweeds can be classified into iii main groups which are Phaeophycae, Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The compositions of essential trace metals in these groups are differed. Some groups contain hig h amount of certain essential trace metals and vice versa. These essential trace metals are classical for maintaining health. These metals take part in enzymes, hormones and cells in the human body. Inadequate intake of essential trace metals can cause symptoms of nutritional deficiency. There are some(prenominal) queryes that have been done on seaweeds. Most of them discussed more on the composition of macronutrients in seaweeds. Therefore, this research focused on essential trace metals. There is prerequisite to know the composition of essential trace metals in these seaweeds because they supply nutrition and give benefit to humans health.3.0 Objectives of studyTo determine the concentration of essential trace metals like vanadium, zinc, iron, copper, atomic number 25, chromium and moment in seaweed by using inductively coupled germ plasm voltaic pile spectrometry (ICP-MS).To compare the concentration of essential trace metals found in seaweed with the dietary reference int akes (DRI).To compare the concentration of essential trace metals in different types of seaweeds and determine which seaweed has the highest value of essential trace metals.4.0 belles-lettres Review4.1 IntroductionMany researches have been made to determine the composition of seaweeds. In the previous researches, they discussed more on the composition of macronutrients in seaweeds and lack of micronutrients. This research focused on essential trace metals found in seaweeds. This research is significant as these metals provide and supply nutrition values to human. This research is carried out in order to determine the concentration of essential trace metals like vanadium, zinc, iron, copper, atomic number 25, chromium and molybdenum in seaweed, compare the concentration of essential trace metals found in seaweed with the dietary reference intakes (DRI), compare the concentration of essential trace metals in different types of seaweeds and determine which seaweed has the highest valu e of essential trace metals.4.2 Definition of essential trace metalsEssential trace metals are metals that are required for human body in small amounts generally less than hundred milligrams per day (Cesar, 2005 Araya et al., 2006). These trace elements are minerals which human body can non produce by itself but can be found in diet. Essential trace metals include vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and molybdenum (Gadd, 1992).Figure 1 shows the position of essential trace metals in the periodic display board. These metals are transition metals and majority of them are located in period 4, demo the relationship between the size of nuclei and the availability of electron of the element to interact with organic molecules vex in biological systems (Cesar, 2005).Each essential trace metal has their own specific functions depend on their chemical structures and is important for life. Although these metals are needed for only 0.02% of the total body weight, they are vital as trace bioactive substances and active centers of enzymes (Osamu, 2004). A man required essential trace metals about 50 micrograms to 18 milligrams per day and these metals function as catalytic or morphologic components of larger molecules (Mertz, 1981).Essential trace metals do not exist by themselves but exist with each other. Excess of one trace metal can cause imbalances in other elements and lead to diseases. To be well-absorbed in the intestine, most trace metals need to be in ionic form. Diet, concentrations of trace element in water, interactions of drug-nutrient are crucial to stabilize the concentration of essential trace elements in the body (Alexander, 2014). Figure 1 Periodic Table with white background indicating elements essential for human and bold characters representing the essential trace metals and non-metals (Cesar, 2005).4.3 Recommended daily intake of essential trace metalsA certain daily intake of food supplements is needed by humans. The essent ial trace metals are important as enzymes, hormones and cells in the body. Inadequate intake and excessive consumption of essential trace metals can cause symptoms to human body. Table 2 summarizes recommended daily intakes of essential trace metals and its effects of excessive consumption.Table 2 Recommended dietary allowances of essential trace metals (Dietary Reference Intakes, 2001).4.4 Classification of seaweedSeaweeds can be classified into three main groups based on their brown, red and green pigmentations. The groups of seaweed are Phaeophycae, Rhodophyceae and Chlorophyceae respectively. Sargassum polycystum species is in Phaeophycae group whereas Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gracilaria changgi species are in Rhodophyceae group and Ulva reticulate and Caulerpa lentillifera species are in Chlorophyceae group (Awang et al., 2014).The sizes of seaweeds are different according to their group. Brown seaweeds are much large. They are usually having length about 20 meters long and t he thickness is about 2 to 4 meters, whereby the smaller species is about 30 to 60 centimeters. vehement seaweeds are usually smaller in size, generally ranging from a few centimeters to about one meter in length. The colors of red seaweeds are not always red. They might be purple, brownish red, but botanists classified them as Rhodophyceae because of other factors. Green seaweeds are small, with a similar size to the red seaweeds (Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 29 October 2014).4.5 The study of essential trace metal in different type of seaweedsSeaweeds rich in about 8% to 40% of essential trace metals required for human body (Indegaard Ostgaard, 1991). Some reports said that the metal contents in seaweeds were higher than edible prop up plants (Ortega et al., 1993). Concentration of essential trace metals may differed with each other because of several factors includes genetic species, sea conditions, seasons, habitats, maturity, geographical locations and environmental parameters of the seaweed (Ito Hori 1989 Fleurence, 1999 Krishnaiah et al., 2008).According to past researches, the commonly essential trace metals found in seaweeds were copper, cobalt, iron, manganese and zinc. Copper plays an important role in metabolism by allowing enzymes to function properly (Harris, 2001). Copper is vital for maintaining the strength of the skin, blood vessel, epithelial and connective wind throughout the body. Cobalt is essential for the production of vitamin B12 that is necessary to ensure an adequate number of red blood cells are produced in the body (MedlinePlus 2014, 23 October 2014). coat is important for growth, cell division, immune system, vision and also helps to accelerate the renewal of the skin cells (Vallee Falchuk, 1993). Iron is essential as oxygen and electron transport forhemoglobin discount of erythrocytes, oxidationreduction reactions, and cellular proliferation (Yutaka et al., 2008). Manganese is important for the formation of bones, connective tissues, brain and nerve functions (Barbara, 2013).4.5.1 Kappaphycus alvarezii speciesThe trace amount of manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, chromium and copper were determined in this species that was collected from Palk Bay Mandapam, Tamilnadu in South India region. The concentrations of these metals were 10.6 ppm, 438.7 ppm, 25.5 ppm, 3.9 ppm, 52 ppm and 31.9 ppm respectively (Nageswara, 2013). Another sample was taken from Semporna in Sabah, showed that zinc, iron and copper were present in this species. The concentrations of these three metals were below 3.5 g/100g (Mansoor et al., 2012). From the study, it can be concludes that sea conditions and environments affect the concentration of essential metals in seaweed. In other research, to determine the composition of seaweed by using different types of seedling production, the micropropagated Kappaphycus alvarezii yielded significantly higher concentration of cobalt, copper, manganese and zinc compared to farm-propagated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Suhaimi et al., 2014). Fayaz et al., (2005) stated that Kappaphycus alvarezii species is a good source of essential metals, containing 0.033% of iron and 0.016% of zinc. The molybdenum is also present in Kappaphycus alvarezii about 0.04 milligrams (Suresh, 2014) and about 1.56 ppm of cobalt found in this species (Rajasulochana et al., 2012).4.5.2 Ulva reticulate speciesUlva reticulata species from Pattani was describe to contain high level in manganese and iron and also small amount of zinc and copper. The concentration of manganese, iron, zinc and copper are 48.1 mg/100g, 174.8 mg/100g, 3.3 mg/100g and 600 g/100g respectively (Pattama Anong, 2006). Awang et al. (2008) reported the range amount of iron is 6.5 mg to 11 mg per 100g, 2 mg to 7 mg per 100g of zinc, less than 0.55 mg/100g of copper and less than 3 mg/100g of chromium present in this species.4.5.3 Gracilaria changgi speciesGracilaria changgi species was reported to contain high level of zinc, iro n, and copper with the concentration of 13.8 mg/100g, 95.6 mg/100g and 0.8 mg/100g respectively (Norziah Chio, 2000). The result showed that this species has high amount of iron when compared to other vegetables reported by Tee et al. (1988). The comparison of iron content in Gracilaria changgi species and other vegetables are shown in table 3.Table 3 Concentration of elements (mg/100 g wet weight) present in G. Changgi (Norziah Chio, 2000) and in some vegetables (Tee et al.,1988).From the study, it shows that seaweed is the best source of iron compared to other land vegetables due to its metabolic system which it can absorb elements directly from the seawater.4.5.4 Caulerpa lentillifera speciesIron, zinc and copper were present in Caulerpa lentillifera species which is taken from Semporna in Sabah with the concentration of 21.37 mg/100g, 3.51 mg/100g and 0.11 mg/100g respectively (Suhaila et al., 2009). Duduku et al. (2008) determined the amount of 6.45 mg/100g of iron, 3.53 mg/1 00g of zinc, and less than 1mg/100g of copper and chromium found in this species. The sample was also taken from Sabah. The study about the composition in Caulerpa lentillifera species showed that iron, manganese, copper and zinc were present with concentration of 9.3 mg/100g, 7.9 mg/100g, 2200 g/100g and 2.6 mg/100g respectively (Pattama Anong, 2006).4.5.5 Sargassum polycystum speciesA research has been made that used sample of Sargassum polycystum species from Seribu Island in Jakarta showed the concentration of 0.002 mg/g of copper, 0.004 mg/g of zinc, 0.277 of iron and 0.010 of chromium were present (Joko, 2006). In other research that used sample from Kota Kinabalu, the present of iron, zinc and copper were also reported in small amounts with the concentration of 68.2 mg/100g, 2.15 mg/100 g, and 0.03 mg/100g respectively whereas other essential trace metals were not determined (Suhaila et al., 2009).4.6 Methods used to analyze the essential trace metals in seaweedAtomic spectr oscopy techniques viz., flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are widely used to analyze trace element. Nageswara (2013) used FAAS method to determine the trace element in seaweed, the instrument was calibrated with normal solutions and a hollow cathode lamp was used for detection of lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, manganese, zinc, platinum and palladium. In other research, Awang et al. (2008) used GFAAS method whereas Rodenas et al. (2009) used ICP-MS method and Suhaimi et al. (2014) and Suresh et al. (2014) used ICP-OES method.This research uses ICP-MS method. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer is suitable for the determination of trace metals with pretreatment and laser ablation device. This method has high sample throughput and the sensitivity is extremely hi gh. It has lower detection limits and the ionisation is efficient. In order to get the concentration of essential trace metals in seaweed, the elements are placed in solution by acid digestion. This solution is because nebulized into spray chamber and then carried by argon gas into a torch. ICP is argon plasma and can reach temperatures of 10,000 Kelvin. This allows the atomization of the trace metals in seaweed to concluded and reduced the interferences of potential chemical (PerkinElmer, 23 October 2014). The positive ions in the plasma are focused down a quadrupole mass spectrometer. This quadrupole mass spectrometer speedily detects the mass range. By getting the mass spectrum of the plasma, information about the trace metals can be obtained.