Potential ranges of consequences of a development failure Essay

The concept of society and culture has a long history associated with it, similar to the most other aspects of social science. The culture has always progressively developed with time, and is an indication of â€Å"improvement†. However, there have been doubts with the quality of the progress, and how has the so-called development helped in evolving the culture into a successful social structure. There is a school of thought that believes that development of societies and culture has only resulted in failure. The failed development has had quite adverse consequences over the society too. Success or failure of a project is dependent on the policies taken towards the process of development. In today’s world where most development projects are government initiatives with political motives, the word â€Å"development† can be often associated with failure, keeping in mind the complete social structure and culture of the particular region. In the book, â€Å"Whose Development? An Ethnography of Aid† the authors Emma Crewe and Elizabeth Harrison raise the ultimate question in the very first line: â€Å"Is development a failure? † If the third world countries, especially in Asia and Africa, are considered, the development projects had been undertaken over fifty years ago, and yet there is poverty, hunger and lack of education every where. So, the question that automatically comes up is how development has affected the people in half a century? The so-called development projects have only made the rich nations richer, and the poor poorer. Crewe and Harrison also believes that the success or failure of a development depends upon the gap between the project plans, and their final outcomes. Often, the field staff has not always been able to implement the plans accordingly, resulting in the failure of the overall project. However, going deeper into the issues of field workers, Crewe and Harrison feels that it the opportunities and limitations provided by the society and the staffing organization, that influences the choices or decisions taken by the field staffs. This in turn influences the worker’s field-level activity and thus development failure can stem from the lack of attention to the field-level workers. According to them, the bureaucratic approach to implementation of the project leads to such development failures, and often results in increased power imbalances, and a predetermined section of the society will rise up to take control and would discourage any flexibility in the society. On the other hand, James Ferguson takes another approach to the development failures, where he particularly documents the failure of the Lesotho project. The project, which started off as a â€Å"livestock project† grew in magnitude with time, and soon the plan was to develop a new society out of the mountainous region, with means of arable agriculture in the mountains. Eventually, the whole â€Å"development† project failed. The author attributes this failure to the lack of a common purpose. The plans grew in stature but it diverted from the original purpose. This lack of understanding between the government and the development officials led to the failure of the project. The main aim of the project should have been to maintain the livestock without much of human intervention. However, with foreign aids coming in for the project, the evil intentions of the government surfaced, and a complete social transformation was planned. The author feels that the foreign aids led to the eventual consequence of the failed project. After ten years of commitment, the costly project did nothing to enhance the living standards of the people in the region, and it is claimed that the quality of village life has actually declined as a result of the pullout of the project. The project might not have done any good to the people, but the roads that were made during the implementation helped the Lesotho government in gaining a stronger position in the region. The case of Rwanda genocide provides an insight on the consequences of development failures. Peter Uvin, author of the book â€Å"Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda† documents the reasons that led to the eventual genocide, and how it was the result of irresponsible actions of aid providing institutions. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) had kept on providing funds and aids to the government of Rwanda without any investigation of the social situation in the nation. Over the years, the aid had kept increasing, and finally resulted in the government-sponsored genocide of the Tutsi by the Hutus. The author feels that the aid given by the institutions promoted violence in the region. The basic aim was to help in the development of the African region, but the purpose was not sufficient enough, as the aiding institutions should have looked deeper into the social and cultural trends of the society. The institutions failed to implement their development plans properly, which not only led to a development failure, but also gave rise to a catastrophic disaster, which took away 500,000 lives approximately. This is also the largest genocide incident registered in the history, and it is quite alarming to see how the failure of a â€Å"development† project could lead to such a destruction of society and culture. Mary B. Anderson, in her book â€Å"Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace-or War† presents a similar approach as Peter Uvin, where she provides an insight on how international assistance can become a factor in a conflict-affected area. According to her, outside help, aimed at development of a certain region, can either be helpful in resolving a conflict or prolong the conflict by helping a particular group involved in the conflict. Anderson believes that it is not possible for international assistance to remain separate from the conflict. Most assistance is given with the purpose of reducing tensions in conflict settings, and helps the region to develop. However, these development initiatives can turn into a failure, which would mean that the aid is actually reinforcing the conflict in the region. She urges to aid providers to take a step back, and look closely how the aid might have a negative effect on the conflict. The impact that is created by the aids often decides the success and failure of its developmental purpose. If the impact is destructive, the conflict increases, and leads to war instead of the desired peace. Through these four books, the authors provide a similar aspect to the cause of development failure: external aid. In spite of the fact that external aid is mostly essential for development to take place, it is also important to carry on the implementation in a proper way. While Crewe, Harrison and Anderson specify the general effects of such development failures, Ferguson and Uvin has presented similar views with the help of specific development failure cases. The instances given in all the four books maintain the importance of local aspects while planning a development project for a particular region. The social, political and economic trends are to be studied carefully before implementing a development idea. The consequences are mostly devastating, and reach out to the society and often result in power imbalance and discrimination. References Crewe, Emma & Harrison, Elizabeth. Whose Development? An Ethnography of Aid. London: Zed Books Ferguson, James 1994. The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, DePoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Uvin, Peter 1998. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press Anderson, M. 1999. Do No Harm: How Aid Can Support Peace-or War. London: Lynne Rienner Coletta, Amy. Book review on Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. Praxis: Fletcher Journal of Development Studies A. M. Hassan, Fareed. Lesetho. African Development Bank: Operations Evaluation Department. O’Reilly, Kathleen. Responding to Intervention: Gender, Knowledge and Authority.

How to protect against 4 e-commerce security challenges Essay

Introduction Nowadays is the trends that trust the Internet commerce application where it can cause business operators. Some people will revert back to using the traditional method of doing business. The trust can be lost due to the situation where the hacker attack on e-commerce sites. According to the study done by Hammonds (2014) state that full-scale identity theft to web profiling come with various issues that been disturbed the consumer and vendor itself. That why, E-commerce also known as a form of buying and selling of product and services for the business and for the customer through the internet According to research done by Mukherjee (2016) state that online sale increasing day by day because customer take advantage of the low price product that offered by the wholesaler or the manufacturer in the online mood. Besides that, e-commerce also helps the customer and the organization in term of gaining the information through the technology that has been provided. Under Industry 4.0 concept, outstanding growth in advance and the information technology in social media network has been increasingly influencing human perception. That small enterprise that adopts e-commerce performs better than those which fail to adopt because of the catalytic effect on business performance (Wanyoike, et al. , 2012). This is because e-commerce adoption is not automatic due to the weaknesses of resources, for example, financial with e-commerce skill where the small enterprise have done it on the daily basis. It is shown that small enterprise can influence people to the business by using e-commerce by increasing the information about the social media network. The scope of study that has been done by Mihyun Chung & Jaehyoun (2014) Kim elaborate that the Industry 4.0 is the industrial revolution with the future of core technology trend is expected to result in an all-new era of automated industries. Furthermore, the internet devices significantly improve the quality of lives and in result will have a large impact on society. This has been proved with the development of small industry where they can go far in business by using the internet and apply the e-commerce business. Implementation of e-commerce is required high cost and need a strong economy-justification (Valmohammadi et al., 2016). This is because, in order to get the internet connection, there are a lot of things need build and upgraded in order to get the best connection. A poor connection can give the bad perception of the customer to the country and the nation and the ever-increasing growth of e-commerce in develop countries must be followed by the business policy and strategies that have bee fundamentally reconsidered as in the developing country. Acting as online marketplaces, e-commerce websites and mobile applications that facilitate online commercial transactions allow manufacturers, merchants, retailers and service and content providers to list their products, services or content online (Yen et al.,2015). To get success in e-commerce, there is some business model of e-commerce which it is has been structured in order to plan the activities more thoroughly to gain profit for an organization. The table below shows the key elements of e-commerce business model. ELEMENT DESCRIPTION VALUE PROPOSITION How a company’s products or services fulfill its customers’ requirements [14]. REVENUE MODEL How a company generates revenue and creates profit. MARKET OPPORTUNITY The marketplace that a company intends to enter, as well as the company’s potential financial opportunities in that marketplace. Many small market segments constitute a marketplace. MARKET STRATEGY How a company plans to enter a new marketplace and attract new customers. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT Potential new entrants or other companies that offer similar products or services in the same marketplace. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE A company offers superior products or services at a lower price than its competitors do [23]. ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT How a company organizes its work in a targeted, goal-oriented manner. MANAGEMENT TEAM. Leaders of a company’s business unit, responsible for the business model. Source: Adapted from Laudon, K.C., and Traver, C.G. E-commerce 2015: business. technology. society., 11th edition, pp58-68, Pearson [16]. Industry 4.0 is one of technology innovation after been through with the other three industry before. This industry is most modern where everything needs to use the internet in order to complete the task given. The information that available on the internet are not necessarily mean or lead to the success directly ( Kleindienst et al. , 2016). In contrast, the information usually gives some tools and methods and the right information is still needed in order to increase the effectiveness and lead the innovation. No wonder nowadays, it has been the topic that most frequent being discussed among the practitioners and academics in the German-speaking area (Dais, 2014, p. 625; Drath & Horch, 2014, p. 56).In this industrial revolution, it provides various opportunities to the company, especially in e-commerce fields. According to Zhou (2015) article state that industry 4.0 system is complex and flexible where there are involving). This is due to challenges that the industry facing by deali ng with big data issue in order to make a decision rapidly for making an improvement. Big data becomes a buzzword for everyone because data mining already been since human-generated content has been a boost to the social network. The development of an Internet of Things (IoT) framework and the emergence of sensing technology have created unified information that will be connected with the systems and human together ( Jay Ley et al. , 2014). This is because nowadays only use a database in order to get and save the information into the system. When the internet has been well developing, it can help human to work more effectively with the system and can help the human to save time use the technology wisely.

ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Essay

ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example ......................... 5.0 Distribution/channel strategy................................................................................ 6.0 Promotional strategy............................................................................................. 7.0 Pricing strategy...................................................................................................... References EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Marks and Spencer is not doing an appropriate job of gaining target market interest in the brand and continues to cater to the older demographic. The company has built a rather old-fashioned and stuffy brand that caters to wealthy High Street consumers in the over-55 age bracket. This prevents the business from building a more contemporary brand personality that would attract younger and trendier fashion consumers. To better position the company, the business needs to utilise psychographics rather than demographic segmentation and focus less on quality and more on price and fashion -forwardness. Improvements to fashion procurement, utilisation of the Internet for online purchases, social media for promotion, and lifestyle-related advertisement will improve the brand competitiveness in this highly saturated and dynamic competitive environment. Marketing analysis: Marks and Spencer 1.0 Current market segments Marks and Spencer continues to attempt to attract younger consumer segments through the introduction of more contemporary fashion merchandise with edgy and trendy designs. The business, in an effort to appeal to the twenty something markets, recruited models Lily Cole and Lizzie Jagger to serve as celebrity endorsers that would be aspirational to the youth, female markets (Wood and Finch 2009). However, this strategy failed to rouse interest in the M&S brand and clothing sales to the over-55 female segment rose by 10 percent (Wood and Finch 2009). The problem at Marks and Spencer is that the business continues to segment based on demographics. As a high str eet fashion business, the business maintains a premium pricing model on the majority of its fashion merchandise, thus making clothing more affordable to the older demographic. Premium fashion products are segmented just below luxury brands and therefore usually carry a higher price tag (Hameide 2011). The average age of the business’ customers are between 35 and 54 who maintain the high level of financial resources necessary to afford a high price (Ayub 2010). The brand has been defined according to the demographic characteristics and purchasing behaviours of existing consumers, affluent middle-aged women living in wealthy regions who are the major revenue producers for the company. The business, in an effort to attract desirable target markets, recruited the 1970s model Twiggy to promote a new clothing line launch. This strategy did not appeal to the younger consumer market segments and seemed to reinforce a lifestyle connection with the aging consumer target market. Joanna Lumley, from the Absolutely Fabulous craze, was also recruited to appear in and perform voiceovers for advertisements, yet another older celebrity figure which continued to appeal to the existing, greying market (Chislett 2009). Hence, by focusing on demographic segmentation in order to identify target consumers, Marks and Spencer is limiting its ability to boost revenue production by not utilising other segmentation strategies. The company continues to utilise strategic marketing strategies that are more relevant to the lifestyles and income demographics of older

Locating Bony Landmarks Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Locating Bony Landmarks - Coursework Example To locate the bony structure that engulfs the chest is known as the thoracic cage or rib cage and is made up of 25 different bones: 24 ribs and1 sternum. The sternum is a thin horizontal bone that is made up of three joined bones namely of the xiphoid process, the gladiolus, and the manubrium. The manubrium is the most superior fragment of the sternum and has a unique concave superior design called the suprasternal notch. One can feel the suprasternal notch by inserting the middle finger of your hand straight in the frontal midline at the back of the neck. The horizontal facet of the manubrium, note the coastal aspect of the first pair of rib and the demi facet for the second pair rib. The frame of the sternum is the central, elongated section of the sternum whose horizontal margins are concave six times. Once with a demi facet for the second pair of rib and five times with coastal surfaces for third pair ribs and pair numbers seven. The sternal outlook the brim of merging between th e body and the manubrium is an essentially quantifiable landmark as it is the location of connection of the second rib, lesser to which is the second intercostal space. At this particular points, auscultation of distinct heart valves can best be felt. The xiphoid process is the lower-most section of the sternum and has no coastal surfaces linked with it. Normally the xiphoid process is a small sword-like however occasionally it is bifid and from time to time it has a foramen or hole in it. In both males and females, there are 12 pairs of ribs.

CS 1 - Strategic Review XCG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CS 1 - Strategic Review XCG - Essay Example With the help of P2P, Skype was able to operate at low cost and allow users to sign up for their accounts quickly (Jusevicius & Firantas, 2010). In other words, Skype is a software-based platform for communication that is offering top quality along with easy to use tools and features to both consumers and businesses for communication and collaboration worldwide via voice, text and video conversations. Skype has already released numerous versions after its launch so that users can make use of technologically advanced features with utmost ease and enjoy the sensation of having conversation online from anywhere. The best features offered by Skype are video calling, chat rooms, SMS messaging, voicemails and click-to-call. It also offered services especially designed for businesses that comprise of e-mail integration and conferencing which have configuration over Skype Control Panel. Skype has even announced world’s first Wi-Fi-VoIP phone in collaboration with NetGear and is even investing in wireless FON community. According to Skype (2012), the mission of the company is to be the foundation of communication on web that is real-time based. The mission statement of Skype can be defined as â€Å"We enable all users via virtually any of the Internet-connected devices to communicate with each other by using video, voice and instant messaging for free of any charges or even make low cost voice calls to numbers both fixed and mobile anywhere across the world†. As of first half of 2010, Skype had 124 million connected users who placed about 95 billion calling minutes over Skype which is approximately 40 per cent of video calls. The best aspect of Skype is that it can be downloaded on computers, mobile phones and all other connected devices for free from its website i.e. www.skype.com. According to Skype’s founders, VoIP market has a huge potential for growth that needs to be explored. It is expected that

Social Performance, Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Performance, Part 2 - Essay Example This ensures that the company operates within the given guidelines. It is noteworthy that these guidelines are set under the federal sentencing guidelines for organizations. Every company should observe these guidelines whilst undertaking its operations. The federal sentencing guidelines are a set of rules, which enforces standardized sentencing policy to individuals and organizations condemned of criminal offences. These rules were set in the United States federal court system (Davidson, 2005). These set rules and regulations are only applicable to serious crimes, and offences. In this regard, the less serious crimes are excluded from these regulations. The primary goal for these guidelines aims at alleviating sentencing inequalities rampant in the established sentencing system. The guidelines promote the development of effective programs by the company in an effort to prevent and identify law violation and set steps for facilitating the program. Companies, therefore, should have se t codes of conduct to be followed to avoid and minimize violation of laws. This will improve the reputation of the company. The code of conduct is a system of behavior followed for maintenance and promotion of company’s dignity and reputation. Romco Company has set codes of conducts, which should be adhered to by its stakeholders including executives, board of directors, directors, company secretary, staff, and other employees. Each company has its own set codes of conduct, the codes of conduct are unique for each company, and thus, there is no uniformity or standardized codes of company. The freedom accorded to these companies have contributed to problems in the way companies operates this is because some misuse it by setting codes for the sake of personal greed and interest. Romco’s competitors are examples of companies with codes of conduct, which do not put into consideration the interest of its customers and competitors. Angels, Ramal, and Queens Companies fall in the same industry with Romco. The codes of these three companies are, however, different and do not agree with those of Romco. The directors of these companies are superior as decision-making is centered. They do not consult other stakeholders as they have a final say, and thus, they make decisions based on their personal gains and interest without considering other employees. Honesty and transparency among the directors are not observed, and thus, the allocation of resources to different departments is not uniform, hence affecting operations of the company. These companies have constantly become the victims of the federal sentencing guidelines. This is because of their failure to complying with the basic laws, regulations, and rules. In addition, they have failed to establish the appropriate business ethics and code of conduct appropriate for corporate governance. Ramco, unlike its competitors, have set rules of conduct, which are adhered to, and strictly observed by the parties i nvolved in the company. The interests of various stakeholders that are significant for the growth and success of the company should be considered. Romco has managed to achieve this role. Decision making in the company is reached by involving all participants. In this case, the decisions do not lie in the hands of directors, and managers, the decision-making is decentralized. The directors of Ramco execute their duties with fairness, honesty, and transparency. They are required to perform their duties professionally, with determination and

IKEA AND UK DISTRIBUTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IKEA AND UK DISTRIBUTION - Essay Example It is argued that the supply chain standards are not fixed at a uniform level or universal conditions cannot be established. Several factors should be taken into consideration while implementing a supply chain implementation or improvement plan. Factors contributing to the effective development of supply chain management are many and varied, which include: The main source of competitive advantage in services industry is efficient service for the customers. Supply chain plays an important role in the efficient service provision to the customers. "The goal of a supply chain should be to maximise overall supply chain profitability. Supply chain profitability is the difference between the revenue generated from the customer and the total cost incurred across all stages of the supply chain. Supply chain decisions have a large impact on the success or failure of each firm because they significantly influence both the revenue generated as well as the cost incurred. Successful supply chains manage flows of product, information, and funds to provide a high level of product availability to the customer while keeping costs low." (Chopra & Meindl, 2004; 44) The IKEA should undertake the approach of goods flow on supply chain according to their shelf life and not just on the time they've been in the supply chain. "For instance, products with long lead-times that have been exposed to high temperatures during distribution would be sent to the retail shelves before those with short lead-times but distributed under more favourable conditions". (Roberti, 2005) The international sourcing policy effects the corporate, marketing, purchasing, and other strategies. It is important for the Management of IKEA to connect the future objectives with corporate objectives and strategy. IKEA and UK distribution: IKEA is a worldwide name with some 175 stores worldwide in locations as far apart as Singapore and the Czech Republic. It works with approximately 1800 suppliers and 55 countries, and its range is made up of around 10,000 products. Swedish furniture retailing giant IKEA's massive newly opened Peterborough distribution center is fast becoming a familiar landmark on the city's outskirts. With over 57,000 square meters of storage space, and boasting an underground geothermal heating system, the 21.3 million warehouse will employ some 250 people by the summer -- all newly created jobs. It will help the company service its 11 existing British stores, which occupy over 26,000 square meters apiece. 20 more outlets should be opened by 2010, leading to a

Legal Environment of Business and Employment Coursework

Legal Environment of Business and Employment - Coursework Example In order to determine whether there was a valid legal contract between A2Z Co. Ltd and Bling Stores and to best advice the parties it is necessary to discuss the above mentioned essential elements for formation of a contract and how the presence of each element is achieved. An offer has been defined as an expression of willingness by one party known as the offeror, to contract or be bound on stated terms, provided that such terms are accepted by the party to whom the offer is made that is the offeree. The courts have drawn a distinction between an offer and an invitation to treat, as the latter is merely an expression of willingness by one party to enter into negotiations and is not unconditional and there is a lack of intention to create legal relations. The most important and land mark cases which distinguished between an offer and invitation to treat are of Gibson v Manchester City Council1 and Storer v Manchester City Council2. In Gibson, where treasurer had sent a letter to Mr. Gibson, stating that council may be prepared to sell the house, was held to be an invitation to treat, which was further confirmed by the fact that Mr. Gibson was asked to make a formal application to purchase the house. The courts therefore took into account the correspondence between the parties. However, in Storer the courts found that a contract had come into existence as negotiations had moved beyond what had happened in Gibson but an exchange of contracts had not taken place. These cases clearly point out that fact that judges can interpret and differ in the results and so the decision would be said to be based on its own facts. The next step is that of acceptance. The general rule for the acceptance of an offer is that the offer should be accepted unconditionally and must be communicated to the offeror. (Holwell Securities v. Hughes3). However there are certain exception to this general rule and one of them is the infamous postal rule. The postal rule states that when an acce ptance is sent by means of a post, it takes place as soon as the letter is validly posted. (Adams v. Lindsell)4, furthermore Instanta Instantaneous modes of communication has lately been scrutinized by the courts (Lord Wilberforce in Brinkibon Ltd. v Stahag Stahl GmbH)5, however the problem of when acceptance is effective has clearly not been addressed and still lies in an area of uncertainty. instantaneous modes of communication has lately been scrutinized by the, however it is a settled law that a communication made through instant mode of communication is deemed effective if it is despatched and received during working hours i.e if a fax is sent on Sunday evening it will only deemed to be effectively communicated on Monday morning, when office working hours start. Acceptance must be looked into carefully, as the fact that it must be unconditional is strict and so if new terms and conditions are introduced that would not be acceptance and would merely be a counter offer, which can then be accepted by the original offeror, who now becomes the offeree as in (Hyde v Wrench)6.If the offeree does not accept all the terms and conditions proposed by the offeror and introduces new terms to the original offer is not an acceptance but a counter offer which kills the original offer The general rule for acceptance is that communication must actually be made to

Oil price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oil price - Essay Example Since this rising prices is inevitable, the major countries will need to find alternative sources of energy to protect themselves from the impending doom of disaster. Oil is the ingredient that drives the planet; it is as essential as air and a key source for almost every product from construction material to transportation to clothing. But the hard fact is that the supply of oil is finite and eventually it will be depleted and demand will outstrip production capacity. Increasing demand along with diminishing supply has already begun to drive price upwards. As prices are rising, new supplies are emerging in an effort to reduce consumption. "The rate at which consumption levels are rising, it is predicted that the world's oil supply will be exhausted within the next 40 years". (Guinness Atkinson Funds, "Future of Energy"). As can be seen by the above graph, demand and supply both have been rising over the years, but the growth in supply has not been able to keep pace with the demand growth and hence an increase in prices. On the supply side, there are three factors that are responsible for the current situation. "Firstly, non-OPEC production capacity has been growing over the years. In recent years, the former Soviet Union supply has been growing annually at a rate of about 0.5 million barrels per day. However, this growth had mainly come from repairing tired infrastructure rather than new exploration and this sort of growth rate is and will be hard to sustain. In addition to that, West Africa, Canada and Brazil have seen another 0.5 million barrels per day annual growth in production capacity. But like the former Soviet Union, the future looks bleak regarding the maintenance of this growth. The output from the U.S. and North Sea is also shrinking. Secondly, the growth potential in OPEC production cap acity is becoming smaller. Currently, most of OPEC, with the exception of Saudi Arabia, is operating at near capacity. Thirdly, since 1998, OPEC has been quite effective in keeping supply and demand matched, in addition to keeping the world oil supply a little tight. It is this combination of strong demand, slow non-OPEC production growth and effective OPEC supply management that has been the major driver of recent increases in world oil prices. On the demand side, the surge in global economic activity has led to an explosion in demand for oil and hence the world is facing an oil demand growth shock"(Guinness Atkinson Funds, "Future of Energy"). The major demand is coming from the developed world particularly the US, China and other economies in Asia. "China is in a phase of rapid energy-intensive industrialization and will continue to be one of the key consumers of oil in the coming years"(Oil Market Report, International Energy Agency). Behavior of Oil prices: The Asian Financial Crisis hit the world in mid-1997 and had a devastating effect on the major economies of the world. Even in the face of this crisis,

Film Festival Essay Example for Free

Film Festival Essay Houston, TX (Mar. 18, 2009) —The 2009 WorldFest-Houston proudly presents Food Fight as part of its award-winning documentary side bar. Food Fight is a fascinating look at how American agricultural policy and food production developed in the 20th century, igniting a California food movement that sparked a tasty, counter-revolution. The documentary dishes up topics including sustainable produce, farmers markets, school lunch programs and inner-city gardens. It’s a savvy, fast-paced investigation that chronicles the life and times of ‘slow foods movement’ pioneer Alice Waters and her landmark restaurant, Chez Panisse, which transformed an industry based on profits into a market based on wholesome flavor. Food Fight is a riveting, smart romp through the historic rise of the Organic foods trend. This culinary adventure cooks up a clever insider’s view of how the nation’s plates are forsaking processed filler foods for homegrown, healthy produce. Chefs Alice Waters, Wolfgang Puck and Suzanne Goin are featured. If you’re interested in the origins of America’s flavorful farmer’s market revolution, you can check out Food Fight which will screen during the WorldFest-Houston Film Festival’s run, April 17-26, at the AMC 30 Dunvale (2949 Dunvale, Houston, TX 77063). Enjoy the newest feature film from food activist and screen director, Chris Taylor, who will be available after the viewing to discuss the film’s highlights! WorldFest Houston, founded in 1961, is the third oldest Independent film festival in the United States. This annual event has evolved into a competitive Independent International film festival showcasing the rising stars of tomorrow. This year’s 42nd Annual WorldFest (April 17-26, 2009) will feature: 50 award-winning Indie films, 100 superb short films, 450 Indie filmmakers from around the globe, 6 Master Classes/Film industry seminars, 1 Grand Awards Gala Cocktail Reception with the filmmakers and a Closing Day Regatta/Barbecue VIP NASA/Space Center Houston Tour. Tickets are $6 for a single matinee (films before 6 pm) or $10.00 per single  evening admission and range upward based on packages that customers purchase. Film Buff $100, Silver Screen $150 and ultimate VIP Platinum Pass $500. Check www.worldfest.org for details. Tickets will be available mid-March online and up to theatre- capacity at show time at the Cinema Box Office. All films, seminars and events are open to the public. Opening Night Prices ~ $20 per person for Film Program book. $30 per person for Film, Program book and Champagne Reception at Renaissance Hotel after the film

Research Design Location And Research Time Psychology Essay

Research Design Location And Research Time Psychology Essay This chapter will present the methodological approach and research technique used in this thesis along with how the data will be gathered to find the answer or solutions of the research questions and problems, such as research design, theoretical perspective, data collection method, data analysis method as well as the validity and reliability of the data. Research Design, Location, and Research Time This research was planned and designed to obtain answer to research questions. Research design is the framework or plan for study, used as a single guide to collect and analyze the data. It is the blueprint that is followed to complete a study. According to Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 24), a research method or approach/design gives details on the most suitable methods of investigating the nature of the research, instruments, the sampling plan and the type of data to be used. Furthermore, Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 24) also report that a research method or design forms the framework of the entire research process. Therefore, if it is a good method or design, it will thus ensure that the information obtained is important to the researchers problem and those objectives and economic procedures in collecting it are all within limits. It simply is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth. In pursuit of this undiscovered truth, a researcher needs facts, published documents from primary sources and secondary sources. This research was using a cross sectional study which the data are gathered just once (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 119). Research location was done at six locations: Central Jakarta, North Jakarta, South Jakarta, West Jakarta, East Jakarta and Tangerang city to household customers of PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara between March to July 2012, with the distribution of questionnaires within June 2012. Research Framework The research framework of this thesis is shown in Figure 3.1 below. The first research step is to define the research problem, followed by research objective. The third step is a literature review, followed by data collection, data analysis, hypothesis test, and finally generate conclusion and recommendation. Source: Author Figure 3.: Research Framework Research Questions and Hypotheses In this study, researcher would like to answer the questions and analyze the hypotheses below: RQ1: How do cultural factors, social factors, personal factors, psychological factors, and PLN services influence customer decision in using electricity at peak load hours? H1: From those factors, all factors are positively influence customer decision in using electricity at peak load hours. RQ2: How is the correlation between the decisions in using electricity during peak load hours with the household customers behavior towards saving electricity? H2: There is a correlation between the decisions in using electricity during peak load hours with the household customers behavior towards saving electricity. RQ3: How do pro-social intensions, motivations, access to information, and knowledge influence customer behavior in saving electricity? H3: From those factors, all factors are significantly influence customer behavior in saving electricity. RQ4: How is the correlation between customer awareness of consequences, aspiration of responsibility, personal norms towards their pro-social intensions in saving electricity? H4: There is STRONG correlation between customer awareness of consequences, aspiration of responsibility, personal norms towards their pro-social intensions in saving electricity? RQ5: What interventions or instruments are most likely to affect households saving electricity behavior? H5: The intervention or instrument most likely to affect households saving electricity behavior is by increasing their motivation, knowledge, and access to information about saving electricity programs. RQ6: From the classification of household segments, which class is the most involved in saving electricity? H6: From the classification of household segments, class R1:2.200VA is the most involved in saving electricity. Conceptual Framework Source: Author (Adapted from Kotler, 1999, and deGroot Steg, 2009) Figure 3.: Conceptual Framework Research Data Type and Source of Data There are two types of data that researches collected depending on the purpose. The data of research consists of both primary and secondary data. The primary data are the first-hand information acquired by the researcher on the variables under study while the secondary data refer to information gathered from sources that already exist which may come from archives or organizational files (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 180). This research was used both primary and secondary data. The primary data sources were obtained through the survey method by distributing structured questionnaires to household customers of PT. PLN Jakarta Raya and Tangerang Distribution. The secondary data were obtained from the company internal data such as figures in customer-base segmentation, and existing data in books, journals, publications, reports, and websites. Data Collection Method The data collection for primary and secondary data is done through the following methods: Literature Review. According to Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 38), a literature review is a step-by-step process that involves the identification of published and unpublished work from secondary data sources on the topic of interest, the evaluation of this work in relation to the problem. In this research, the literature review is done by search and study books, reports, journals, research reports, internet website related to electricity business and customer behavior. The information related to the company is obtained through the companys website and published reports. Questionnaire. Sekaran and Bougie (2009, p. 197) define questionnaire is a pre-formulated recorded series of questions to which the respondents giving their answers usually within rather closely defined alternatives. For this research, the questionnaire is formulated and distributed to the respondents in two methods. First method used is by distributing the questionnaire to respondents through email. The second method is the direct questionnaire to respondents, by asking them to give their answer on the questionnaire paper provided. Questionnaire Design Questionnaires are efficient data collection method when the researcher knows the information to gather and how to determine the variables of interest (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 197). Questionnaire survey is formulated to answer the research questions. It is a tool that may be conveniently distributed personally or electronically to respondent. According to Burns and Bush (2006, p. 300), there are six key functions of a questionnaire: To translate the research objectives into specific questions. To standardize the questions and the response categories to let every participant responds to identical stimuli. To reinforce cooperation and motivates respondents to respond. To serve as permanent records of the research. To speed up the process of data analysis, depending on the type of questionnaire used by the researcher. To contain the data which may be addressed for reliability and validity. The first part consists of the demographic attributes questions such as gender, age, education, occupation, annual income, and the second part consists of questions analyzing customer behavior in terms of cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors that base on Griffin and Eberts model (2006, p. 283). Part two in the questionnaires use Likerts scale which enables the respondents to give level of the attributes stated in the questions. A Likerts scale was used in the research, in which respondents were asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement on a systematic agree-disagree scale for each of a series of questions (Burns Bush, 2006, p. 281). Each question in the questionnaire on this part is ranged from 1 to 5, where 1 = Strongly Disagree; 2 = Disagree ; 3 = Neutral or Not Applicable ; 4 = Agree ; 5 = Strong Agree. The questionnaire format for this research is shown in Figure 3.3 below. Source: Author Figure 3.: Questionnaire Design for This Research Table 3.1 shows the distribution of items in order to measure the variables in the questionnaires. Table 3.: Variable, Scale of Data and Category of Questions Part 1: Respondent Profile No. Variables Scale of Data Category of Questions 1. Gender Nominal Male Female 2. Age Interval 20-30 years old 30-40 years old 40-50 years old 50-60 years old à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 60 years old 3. Occupation Nominal Government employee Private company employee Self-employed Professionals Retired Others 4. Number of Family Members Interval Small: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 4 members Medium: 5-6 members Big: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 7 members 5. Educational background Ordinal Basic / Junior High School Senior High School College Degree Bachelor Degree Master Degree PhD 6. Income per month Ratio à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 2 million rupiahs 2 to 5 million rupiahs 5 to 10 million rupiahs à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 10 million rupiahs 7. Classification electricity Nominal 900 VA 1.300 VA 2.200 VA 8. Domicile Area Central Jakarta West Jakarta East Jakarta South Jakarta North Jakarta Tangerang City Part 2: Exploratory Questions (Data are in Likert scale) Customer Decision in using electricity at peak load hours No. Variables Category of Questions A. Cultural Factors Regularly using electricity at peak load hours (between 17.00 to 20.00). Household activities were dominated by using electrical equipment. Regularly using electrical equipment in day time. B. Social Factors The capacity of installed electricity is in accordance with the requirement. Able to pay if electricity tariff is go up. Electricity tariffs are still cheap. Its normal to reduce electricity subsidized and to increase tariffs when oil prices are up. C. Personal Factors Able to pay electricity and can afford the electricity bills. It is necessary to increase capacity because the need of electricity will increase. Electricity bills are relatively small compare to the total expenditure. D. Psychological Factor When using electricity at peak time, we will pay more expensive. Feeling guilty when using electricity at peak time. Feeling happy if every rooms are bright. E. PLN Services Power failure was rarely, so it is convenient to use it, especially at peak time. Recording of electricity is on time and the bill is in accordance with the use. Since electricity is stable, we are not worry to use it at peak time. Part 2: Exploratory Questions (Data are in Likert scale) Customer behavior towards saving electricity No. Variables Category of Questions A. Access to Information Get information about saving electricity from friends, family, neighbor, PLN, or community leaders. Get information about saving electricity from television, radio, magazine/newspaper, and internet. Often receiving information about saving electricity. B. Knowledge Knows electricity-saving equipment. Electrical equipment will be more efficient when turned off than in standby. Using electrical equipment at its maximum capacity will take more energy. C. Motivation Being motivated to prioritize electricity saving behavior. Being motivated to respect environment. D. Pro-social Intensions There are negative consequences of any actions that do not respect the environment. Feel responsible for environmental damage. Having a moral obligation towards energy efficiency and environmental protection. Questionnaire Format In this research, the questionnaires were prepared in printed and online formats using Indonesian language, because some of the respondents were not able to read and speak in English language. During the pre-test stage, the questionnaire was distributed only through email to 30 respondents to find out the validity and reliability of the data or questions in the questionnaires. At the post-test stage, the revised questionnaire was printed and distributed door to door. Due to time limitation, researcher employed a strategy by setting up a team consist of 6 (six) members to meet the respondents in 6 (six) different locations (domiciles). The revised questionnaire was also distributed by email. By using email, it was very convenient in terms of shortening the time spent to send the questionnaire and receiving the responses from the respondents. However, there were difficulties because the respondents were depended on a computer and internet service. Survey Sampling Method According to Sekaran and Bougie (2009, pp. 262-263), a sample is a subset of the population. It comprises some members selected from it. A sample is thus a subgroup of the population, which represents the whole group of people, actions, or things of interest that the researcher wants to investigate. According to Burns and Bush (2006, pp. 372-374), the size of the sample affect the sample accuracy of results, thus sample accuracy refers to how close a random samples statistic is to the populations value it represents. The most correct method of determining sample size is confidence interval approach. In order to calculate the proper sample size of the survey, Burns and Bush (2006, p. 366) said, there are three items required: Amount of variability of population Desired accuracy, and Required confidence level. Sampling Methodology In this research, the population is the total number of customers of PT. PLN Jakarta Raya and Tangerang Distribution from the Household segment, which according to the statistics are 3.330.815 number of customers. For this amount of population, the sample size may be calculated using the formula recommended by Burns and Bush (2006, p. 372): Where: n = the sample size z = standard error associated with the chosen level of confidence (1.96) p = estimated percentage in the population q = 100- p e = acceptable sample error Sample population sample size = population sample size x In this research, researcher chose to use a probability of 90% with a 95% level of significance equivalent to a z value of 1.96 and sample error 4%. The sampling calculation was determined by using a software application, PHStat2. PHStat2 is a Windows-based software that assists students and professionals in learning the statistic concepts while using Microsoft Excel. Table 3.: Sampling Size Determination Data Estimate of True Proportion 0.9 Sampling Error 0.04 Confidence Level 95% Intermediate Calculations Z Value -1.95996398 Calculated Sample Size 216.0820587 Result Sample Size Needed 217 Finite Populations Population Size 3.330.815 Calculated Sample Size 216.0681064 Sample Size Needed 217 Source : Data on File Based on the calculation in Table 3.2, the minimum number of sample size needed is 217 samples; however in this research the number of samples is added to another 10 percent in order to produce greater accuracy. Therefore, this research will be used 240 samples. This research will use a cross sectional-study in which the data are gathered at once in order to answer the research questions (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 119). Sample Withdrawal Techniques The populations in this research were household customers of PT. PLN Jakarta Raya Tangerang Distribution. Sampling technique was done by using stratified random sampling, involves a process of stratification or segregation, followed by random selection of subjects from each stratum. The population is divided into stratum, and then sampling conducted in each stratum (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 272). In this research, customers who become household population were stratified based on electrical power and is divided into three groups, namely: 900VA, 1.300VA and 2.200VA. It is based on the Regulation of the President of Republic Indonesia No. 8, 2011, p. 9 (see Appendix A2). The sample selection techniques are described in Figure 3.4. Source: Author Figure 3.: Sample Withdrawal Techniques Data Analysis After data are obtained through questionnaires, the next step is to analyze them to test the research hypothesis. To ensure that the data obtained are reasonably good and ready for use for statistical analysis, Sekaran and Bougie (2009, pp. 306-330) recommend followings: Getting the data to be ready for analysis: Coding and data entry Coding the responses Data entry Editing data Data transformation Getting a feel for the data: Relationship between variables Correlations Testing goodness of data Reliability Validity Testing the hypothesis Hypothesis testing and data analysis will be conducted using appropriate statistical method and based on sample data associated with software such as PHStat2, SPSS version 20, and AMOS version 20. Descriptive Analysis Descriptive analysis such as the mean, mode, standard deviation, and range are used by researcher to describe the sample data matrix in such a way as to portray the typical respondent and to reveal the general pattern of responses. Descriptive measures are regarded as the steps undertaken by the researcher earlier in the process of analysis and become foundations for subsequent or more complex analysis (Burns Bush, 2006, p. 424). Descriptive statistics were used to portray the main characteristics of a collection of data in quantitative terms and distinguished from inductive statistics in that they intend to quantitatively review a data set, instead of being used to support reports regarding the population that the data are supposed to represent. Even when a data analysis obtains its major conclusions using inductive statistical analysis, the descriptive statistics are usually presented alongside the formal analyses to show the audience an overall perception of how data being examined. Validity and Reliability Test A good quality measurement instrument is needed in order to obtain precise data of this research. The ideal instrument has to be reliable and valid. The researcher must address both validity and reliability of the measures in assessing the degree of measurement error present in any measures. Any measure designed or adapted for use in any research should both be reliable and valid. A reliable measure is one in which a respondent acts in response to the same or a very similar manner to an identical or nearly identical question (Burns Bush, 2006, p. 290). The reliability of a measure is a test of how consistently a measuring instrument measures whatever concept it is measuring. In testing the reliability of the questionnaire, the test-retest reliability test was used which measures the correlation between the same respondents obtained at the two different times (Sekaran, 2010, p. 162). To achieve reliability of a measure, the researcher was using SPSS software with Cronbachs Alpha as the measurement. Cronbachs Alpha is a reliability coefficient that determines how well specific items of the measurement tools are positively correlated to one another. Cronbachs Alpha is computed using the average intercorrelations among the items measuring the concepts. If Cronbachs Alpha is greater than 0.70, it means that the data are more consistent and reliable. The closer the alpha value to 1 indicates the data are most consistent and reliable. A high quality reliable instrument can be used as a guide to draw a conclusion and making decisions (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, pp. 324-325). Validity is a test of how fine a developed instrument to measure the particular concept it is planned to measure. In the other words, validity is related to measurement with the right concept and reliability with stability and consistency of measurement (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, pp. 158-160). Correlation Analysis Correlation analysis is an analysis done to trace the mutual influence of variables on one another. A correlation coefficient that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship can be computed by applying a formula. There could be a perfect positive correlation between two variables, which is represented by 1.0 (plus 1), or a perfect negative correlation which would be -1.0 (minus 1) (Sekaran Bougie, 2009, p. 322). The formula to calculate the coefficient of correlation is: Source: Burns Bush, 2005 Where: r = coefficient correlation n = samples xi = variable X x = mean X yi = variable Y y = mean Y Table 3.3 presents the rules of thumb in interpreting the correlation coefficient values. Table 3.: Rules of thumb of degree of correlation Coefficient Range Strength of Association  ±0.81 to  ±1.00 Strong  ±0.61 to  ±0.80 Moderate  ±0.41 to  ±0.60 Weak  ±0.21 to  ±0.40 Very Weak  ±0.01 to  ±0.20 None Source: Burns Bush, 2005 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a statistical approach for testing and estimating causal relationship using a combination of statistical data and qualitative causal assumptions. Typically, this theory represents causal processes that produce examinations on multiple variables. The term structural equation modeling expresses two important features of the procedure: causal processes, represented by a sequences of structural (i.e. regression) equations, and these structural relationships can be displayed pictorially to allow a clearer conceptualization of the theory. Then, the hypothesized model can be examined statistically in a simultaneous analysis of the entire variables to conclude the degree of its consistency to the data. If goodness-of-fit is adequate, the model argues for the credibility of hypothesized relations among variables. If it is inadequate, the reasonability of those relations is rejected (Byrne, 2010, p. 3). Statistical models provide an efficient and convenient way of describing the latent structure underlying a set of observed variables. Expressed either diagrammatically or mathematically via a set of equations, such models explain how the observed and latent variables are related to one another. Typically, a researcher postulates a statistical model based on his or her knowledge of the related theory, on empirical research in the area of study, or on some combination of both. Once the model is specified, the researcher then tests its plausibility based on sample data that comprise all observed variables in the model. The primary task in this model-testing procedure is to determine the goodness-of-fit between the hypothesized model and the sample data. As such, the researcher imposes the structure of the hypothesized model of the sample data, and then tests how well the observed data fit this restricted structure. Because it is highly unlikely that a perfect fit will exist between the observed data and the hypothesized model, there will necessarily be a differential between the two; this differential is termed the residual. The model-fitting process can therefore be summarized as follows: Data = Model + Residual Where: Data represent score measurements related to the observed variables as derived from persons comprising the sample. Model represents the hypothesized structure linking the observed variables to the latent variables and, in some models, linking particular latent variables to one another. Residual represents the discrepancy between the hypothesized model and the observed data (Byrne, 2010, p. 7). Structural equation models are schematically portrayed using particular configurations of four geometric symbols: a circle (or ellipse), a square (or rectangle), a single-headed arrow, and a double-headed arrow. By convention, circles (or ellipses; ) represent unobserved latent factors, squares (or rectangles; ) represent observed variables, single-headed arrows (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) represent the impact of one variable on another, and double-headed arrows (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ) represent covariance or correlations between pairs of variables (Byrne, 2010, p. 9). In building a model of a particular structure in this research, the researcher uses these symbols within the framework of four basic configurations, each of which represents an important component in the analytic process. These configurations, each accompanied by a brief description, are as follows: Path coefficient for regression of an observed variable onto an unobserved latent variable (or factor) Path coefficient for regression of one factor onto another factor Measurement error associated with an observed variable Residual error in the prediction of an unobserved factor The Path Diagram Schematic representations of models are termed path diagrams because they provide a visual portrayal of relations which are assumed to hold among the variables under study. Essentially, a path diagram depicting a particular SEM model is actually the graphical equivalent of its mathematical representation whereby a set of equations relates dependent variables to their explanatory variables (Byrne, 2010, p. 10). Using path diagram as a structural equation modeling tool, the pattern of causal relationship can be detected. Causal relationship describes interrelations among a set of latent (unobserved) variables and a set of observed variables. Path diagram is a relationship structure between the exogenous and endogenous variables. The independent (X) variables are called exogenous variables. The dependent (Y) variables are called endogenous variables. Model Measurement According to Hair et.al (2010) measurement model validity depends on establishing acceptable levels of goodness of fit (GOF) for the measurement which indicates how well specify model reproduces the observed covariance matrices, smaller the difference between covariance matrices estimate with the observe covariance matrices, more fit the model. (Hair et. al, 2010, p.639). The GOF value contains several parameters to be considered by the researcher as stated by Hair et.al (2010, p.640-650), this thesis confirm the overall model fit the parameter will used the following: Chi-square (CMIN) or minimum discrepancy (), it is to test whether there is the different covariance matrices estimate within the covariance matrices observe, smaller () shown the different of both not significant and the model more fit. df (degree of freedom), more positive (>=0) of the df which shown with minimum was achieved the process of the estimate could be done. CMIN/DF. CMIN represents the minimum value of the discrepancy while DF is the degree of freedom. According to Wijaya (2009, p. 45), the model could be accepted if the CMIN/DF is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 2.00. RMR (root mean square residual), this is called badness of fit whether the value is less than 0.1 than it is better because deference between sample and the estimate is smaller (Hair et.al 2010, p.642) GFI and AGFI (Goodness fit index and Adjusted Goodness fit index), GFI and AGFI value between 0 to 1, more closed to 1 more fit the model (Hair et.al 2010, p.643)

Role of Symbols and Symbolism in C. S. Lewis Chronicles of Narnia :: Chronicles of Narnia Essays

Role of Symbolism in C. S. Lewis' Chronicles of Narnia It has always been amazing to realize how well the literature I read as a child has stayed with me through the years. It takes an exceptional writer to compose a narrative that maintains a storyline on the same level of a child's understanding; it takes everything short of a miracle to keep a child's interest. However, that undertaking has been accomplished by many skilled authors, and continues to be an area of growth in the literary world. Only this year the New York Times has given the genre of children's literature the credit it deserves by creating a separate best-sellers list just for outstanding children's books. Yet, on another level, children's literature is not only for the young. I believe that the mark of a brilliant children's author is the age range of those who get pleasure from the stories; the wider the range, the better. I believe a retention of knowledge, as well as the love for a book (whether as an adult or child) is partly linked to the quality of words and imagination utilized in the author's tales. C. S. Lewis is a wonderful example of an author whose work extends to reach beyond the level of children, and brings into view the scenery of Narnia as an expression of life. His storytelling style brought the lands and people of the chronicles intothe view of my mind's eye as a child, and in the same way let my imagination interact with the story. Now I am an adult, and I have come to realize that the symbolism and parallels in the Chronicles of Narnia, which I may have overlooked with my child's mind, are presently real to me. The Chronicles of Narnia are wonderful to read whether one be six or thirty-six; they relate to childhood as well as life in a general sense. While the Chronicles tell the story of an imaginary land full of talking animals and heroic princes/princesses, I tend to look further into it in order to grasp the symbolism and relation to life. Symbolism plays an important role in the chronicles by being the background and foundation of a character. I get the impression that in some ways the characters were constructed around their symbolic purpose, and not the opposite way.

Al Capone Essay -- essays research papers

Al Capone still remains one of the most notable residents of "the Rock." In a memoir written by Warden James Johnston, he reminisced about the intensity of public interest around Capone's imprisonment, stating that he was continually barraged with questions about "Big Al." Each day newspapers and press flooded his office with phone calls, wanting to know everything from how Capone liked the weather on "the Rock," to what job assignment he was currently holding. Before arriving at Alcatraz, Capone had been a master at manipulating his environment at the Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta. Despite strict convictions from the courts, Capone was always able to persuade his keepers into procuring his every whim, and often dictated his own privileges. It was said that he had convinced many guards to work for him, and his cell boasted expensive furnishings which included personal bedding along with many other amenities not extended to other inmates serving lesser crimes. His cell was carpeted, and also had a radio around which many of the guards would sit with Al conversing and listening to their favorite radio serials. His friends and family maintained residence in a nearby hotel, and each day he was flooded with visitors. Capone started his life of crime at a young age. Rumored to have started pimping prostitutes before reaching puberty, he was raised on the tough streets of Brooklyn and earned extra money as a bouncer in various brothels. By the age of twenty, Capone had moved to Chicago and was managing a popular nightclub named The Four Deuces. By 1924, Capone had his hand in various rackets, including prostitution rings, bootlegging, and gambling houses and was believed to be earning over $100,000 per week. Capone had mastered the art of politics, and as a wealthy, powerful gangster figure, he attempted to balance his activities. Despite his illegitimate occupation, he had become a highly visible public figure. He made daily trips to City Hall, opened soup kitchens to feed the poor, and even lobbied for milk bottle dating to ensure the safety of the city's children. City officials often were embarrassed by the politic strength of Capone, and began leveraging his illegal activities through police raids, along with setting intentional fires to his places of business. In the beginning, the public glamorized Capone's activities and... ...on Alcatraz, he made several attempts to con Johnston into allowing him special privileges, but all were denied. Johnston maintained that Capone would not be given any special rights and would have to follow the rules as would any other inmate. Capone eventually conceded and one day made the comment to Johnston, "It looks like Alcatraz has got me licked." Capone spent 4 Â ½ years on Alcatraz and held a variety of jobs. Capone's time on Alcatraz was not easy time. Capone got into a fight with another inmate in the recreation yard and was placed in isolation for eight days. While working in the prison basement, an inmate who was standing in line waiting for a haircut, exchanged words with Capone and stabbed him with a pair of shears. Capone was admitted into the prison hospital and released a few days later with a minor wound. Capone eventually became symptomatic from syphilis, a disease he had evidently been carrying for years. In 1938, he was transferred to Terminal Island Prison in Southern California to serve out the remainder of his sentence, and was released in November of 1939. Capone died on January 25, 1947, in his Palm Beach Mansion from complications of syphilis.

Friends Make the Man Essay

The influence of friends is of massive importance in the novel Cry, the Beloved Country. Without his friends encouraging him, Absalom would most likely never have tried to rob Arthur Jarvis’ house, and he certainly would not have accidentally shot Arthur. Absalom said it himself when he told his father, â€Å"It was bad companions.† The reader is repeatedly reminded of this one condemning mistake: choosing bad friends results in dangerous activities. Another example of this message is the mother of Absalom’s child. Growing up, her family was practically nonexistent and it can be assumed that she didn’t have great friends to support and strengthen her. Instead, she always kept a man in her life and ended up the mother of a child out of wedlock with the father sentenced to death. If helpful family and friends had been available, her life would most likely have changed for the better. There are bad friends, nonexistent friends, but what about the good friends? These are the ones Kumalo kept. He made it clear what kind of friends he chose when he was speaking to Absalom, â€Å"You mean they were the kind of friends that a good man could choose, upright, hard-working, obeying the law?† Msimangu was exactly this kind of friend. Instead of just looking out for himself, he often put Kumalo’s well-being before his own. This man truly cared about others, a rare and wonderful quality. As if being there for Kumalo and helping him deal with Absalom’s incarceration in any way he could wasn’t enough, he gave Kumalo a large sum of money to replace all that was spent while trying to find and help Absalom. Msimangu was simply the epitome of a loving, caring, true friend. Of course, a friend doesn’t have to be a living, breathing, walking, talking person. Friendship can be found in something as simple as words written. Even after his death, Arthur Jarvis’ words reached out to comfort and impact his father—James Jarvis. Arthur’s words became a friend to his father to help James deal with his death and instigate a change in his view of the world. Those carefully chosen words eventually lead to James helping the people of Ixopo improve their lives. Other friendships that were formed and resulted in colossal changes are between Kumalo and James Jarvis as well as Kumalo and Arthur Jarvis’ son. The friendship between Kumalo and Arthur’s son was mainly responsible for the help that James sent. Kumalo and the boy were linked through the boy’s curiosity about the Zulu language, but because they spoke, the boy discovered the troubles of Ixopo and sought a way to resolve them. James and Kumalo’s friendship literally saved Kumalo’s livelihood. Without that connection, Kumalo would have been sent away from the only town he has known and loved. It would have destroyed him. He belonged in Ixopo and Ixopo belonged with him. Friends rightly make the man, whether for good or for bad. Kumalo’s friends made him more successful and lifted him up. Conversely, the mother of Absalom’s child was damaged by the lack of a strong base of good friends. Absalom, unfortunately, had his life decimated by his choice to trust the wrong friends. Friends can make the man kinder or meaner, wiser or more foolish. In Absalom’s case, friends made the man dead.

Moving to a new school

Moving to a new school, I admit, is quite frightening. Especially if you are moving in the middle of school year where everybody had already found their own group of friends. But this can change. Maybe moving toa new school can be so much better than staying in your old school, or it can the best and unforgetable experience for you at school. In order to achieve that, here are some tips that can help you. First, ask the teachers in charge of the informations you might need or know in the school. You may contact them via phone or directly.The informations you got from the teachers in charge could be used by you as a guidence to help you adapting in the new school. The teachers whose in charge, whether its a He or she could tell you how to dress for the first day and the things you need. Since you're a new student and have no idea of the rules, They will probably tell you about things that are prohibited by the school to be worn on the first day, no skinny Jeans, no mohawk hairstyles, no braceletes, no crop tops, and manyore. Second, prepare everything beforehand.It ill decrease the possibility of forgetting important things. Third, be open-minded, don't be shy and try to talk to everyone whenever you see the opportunity. If you act like you're scared, people will be reluctant in approaching you. Just act normal and you'll be fine. The last one, make new friends. They will be the ones who help you going through your first year. By following their advice you will be more comfortable moving to a new school. From what I've learnt, the relationships inventory can be classified into two groups.The first one is being people that are able to socialize properly and the other one being people that felt left out and cant blend in their society. After reading and analizing the inventory, i realized that I'm in the middle of those two groups. Sometimes i would rather stay at home spending time by myself than going out with friends or family. I am accepted by my friends, fami ly, and the teachers. They seem to like me but most of the time i am not confident. But other times i can be friendly to everyone and talk to them.Moreover i can share opinions with my friends. I wanted to be in the first group. I want to be able to socialize with everyone and be open- minded. In order to do this, i must develop more self-confident and learn not to be afraid to be myself in front of people. By doing this, I'm sure i can improve. We always wonder and wish to be a famous actor/actress/artist one day. But living as a popular person who surrounded by hundreds of cameras' light everyday might be so annoying sometimes. But have we ever wondered why those paparazzi took the pictures?Is it because of the famousity we have, the achievements in our work, or is it because we did something wrong? Thats Just what happened currently with AQJ, or mostly known as â€Å"dul†, the smallest son of Ahmad Dhani, one of most known musician in Indonesia. Dul has Just had a car acci dent which killed more than 6 people. Dul is still 13 years old, so his father forbid him to drive alone. But it seemed from the source in television, Dul was not listening to his father, so he went to bogor with his at night.Dul was driving â€Å"lencer† car and was believed reached 150km/h speed inimum. Because he drove with a very high speed, he couldn't control the car's balance which made his car crashed the highway seperator and moved to the other road. Since there are victims of this car accident, the victims' family asked the accountability from ahmad dhani's family. Responding to the the victims' family, Ahmad Dhani made a promise to pay for all the education fee until the victim's kid graduate from university. If Dul listened to his father to not driving alone, the car accident wouldn't happen.

Organic Food Speech Essay

I have a question for you at the beginning of this speech. Who just eat organic food everyday? Obviously! According my research, which I gave the question to my friends. Most of them know about organic food, but only few of them just eat organic food which including the vegetable, meat and eggs and other people don’t take it seriously and eat fast food always. What is organic food? The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) states that animals raised on an organic operation must be fed organic feed and given access to the outdoors. They are given no antibiotics or growth hormones. Organic crops are raised without using most conventional pesticides and using no petroleum-based or sewage-sludge-based fertilizers. Do ‘organic’ and ‘natural’ mean the same thing? And four main reasons to choice organic food! No, â€Å"natural† and â€Å"organic† are not same. You may see â€Å"natural†, â€Å"all natural,† â€Å"free-range† or â€Å"hormone-free† on food labels. These descriptions must be truthful, but don’t mean they are â€Å"organic.† Only foods that are grown and processed according to USDA organic standards can be labeled organic. According to USDA: Organic food such as fruits, vegetables and meat can make people become healthier and organic farming can protect the environ ment. Choice organic vegetable! The picture for strawberry: On the right is non-organic and left is organic. For the picture down: one the right is non-organic and the left is organic. Normally, non-organic fruit or vegetable will grow faster and taste not as good as organic food. For the last picture: the right side is organic egg and left side is non-organic. The reason why the color is different is because organic chicken also eats organic feed. Choice organic meat! We also need to choice organic meet. From the picture we see. Organic Meat Comes from Animals Treated Ethically and Humanely. The organic farming looks cleaner and animal form there lives healthier. Here are some of the reasons why you should buy organic animal products. 1. Organic meat comes from animals that were given a pesticide-free diet. 2. These animals may have had some limited access to pasture. 3. They were not loaded with antibiotics, steroids and other poisons. 4. Organic meat has not been irradiated. Therefore, organic meat is not loaded with toxins–that are subsequently passed on to you when you eat them–like conventional meat is. Health and money which one you prefer: Non-organic food can cause lots of disease. Even the organic food is expensive; there is nothing important than our lives and our family’s health. According to the research from Organic Liaison: Because factory-fed cattle eat the ground-up remains of their SAME SPECIES, this can cause mad cow disease, destroying a human’s central nervous system and brain. Also the animal, which grows up in dirty environment, can cause many parasitic disease and diarrhea. Studies also show that grass-fed beef contains more nutritional value, including higher levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer. Here is another new research from Maryland University: Non-organic Chicken has one kind bacterium, which is resistant to modern medicine. This kind of bacteria that can cause serious and unpleasant disease that becomes a lot harder to cure. Conclusion: We know that eating organic fruits, vegetables, and other produce is the way to go. It’s healthier, it tastes better, and it doesn’t have any nasty toxins or chemicals. Healthy and happy life cannot live without organic food. Now let us choice organic food!

Administrative Ethics Paper Essay

In the health care setting for administrators there is an ongoing occurrence of ethical issues implicit in daily activities. A health care administrator we have assignments to the business as well as to ourselves to help the customers and our coworkers who accommodated and checked the patients within the company. The information technology system is growing rapidly this is an ethical issue for the administrators that always shows itself within the company and that is the confidentiality of data. Confidentiality information is private, facts about another person, company, etc. in a health care setting confidentiality is patients’ medical information stored into a system by the company. When working in the healthcare fields there are some rules concerning confidentiality, and they are; know the facts, have decision-making skills that control confidential data, and have some ethical alertness. The significance of developing ethical alertness is being able to handle confidential data, boosted education, and conversations regarding these problems should happen within the company to give pessimistic opinions of the coworkers and this could assist them to get through the conversation, conservative views, and moral instruction, this could take along groundbreaking ways for coworkers and other to efficiently to reply hard data, and this potentially could come into view. As an administrator, we are avowed in by morals to value the confidentiality of data we intake, and use for the company. Confidentiality data can have but is not restricted to, staff private data and recompense records. The issue and impact on the population that affects most will be explained in this case study; this will be the scenery for the moral examination of problems an administrator linked to revealing confidential data regarding a worker. We have a nurse name Michelle, who is the leading nurse at a hospital with 250 beds. Michelle has worked in the administration field for three years and thinks highly of herself compared to the other coworkers in the company. When it came to decision making Michelle always found a way to disagree. Michelle  acknowledges that the company is unstable from general duties of the company price extracting and also includes employee reduction. Michelle acknowledged that the gross was high that it usually is, and this could cause hardship in the working environment that will also consist of workers not certified and obligatory overtime. Michelle thinks these problems were due because of the altering attitude of the hospital managerial team. We have Nurse Jackie, who is the second head nurse; she has worked in the nursing field for a few years. She is mothers who use to stay-at-home and take care of her family (husband, and daughters). When Jackie’s children got older Jackie wanted to go back to work. Jackie’s husband realized with his paycheck and her paycheck combined they would not have enough funds to support their daughters for college and their tuition increases every year. A position at the hospital opened for her to apply for and Jackie’s husband thought that would be a superior idea for Jackie to apply for it because it could assist him and her on helping their daughters with college. Jackie got hired, although her nursing knowledge has not been streamlined. Jackie thought that because she was not a permanent staff worker there that they would not ask her to do much so she took on more hours. The administrator for nursing name is Karen; she is also associates with Michelle. These two ladies have had issue regarding quality of care. Michelle began drama regarding supple workers pool nurses to work on the medical units to Karen’s attention, without an acceptable answer. Karen’s workers were arbitrarily assigned in various parts of the hospital, which made it hard for Karen to monitor her staff. Karen’s view of Michelle is her certainty that the nurses ought to have awareness in every aspect of medicine, whereas Karen think this is idealistic considering they go in various assorted areas. Jackie began to see work as a stressful environment; she did not get to make friends with any coworkers because they were constantly moving around to different departments. She gave out medication to patients who did not recognize her. When Jackie had a question she would ask the physician, and they would not answer her so she would ask Karen for help. Work for Jackie was becoming unbearable, but her husband did not care he was happy to see the paychecks coming in and wanted her to keep working overtime because it was helping his and her savings big time. Jackie felt trapped because she wanted to lessen her hours at work, but her husband wanted her to do more hours so in result  Jackie began to taking drugs, she knew this could affect her job, but she needed to do this to decrease her stress. Jackie’s changes were not noticed for a while until she was told to work in the surgical area for a few weeks to assist an employee who was leaving for vacation. A pharmacist noticed a difference in giving out medication for example, a rare rise in narcotics and errors of signatures on the medication paperwork. The pharmacist took the problem to Michelle and Michelle did some investigating. Jackie was found guilty and Michelle went to Jackie’s boss who is Karen. Karen and Michelle talked to Jackie, Jackie admitted her wrongdoing, Karen resolute was for Jackie to go to a rehabilitation center and recover from this and when she does she could come back and work for the company. Karen also chose to not tell the state board of Registered Professional Nurses. After these events occurred Michelle chose to have a meeting with the nurse manager of surgical unit, human resources director, and the chair of the nursing ethics committee to decide rather she needs to be more should have happened in a situation like this. Jackie does have the right to confidentiality, but Michelle thought this could be a good staff conversation. Karen believed total opposite; she believed this would break Jackie’s confidentiality. The problem at the meeting was confidentiality and the nurses having incompatible opinions of confidentiality and the impression on others. Michelle believed that the way Jackie had act failed her position because patients were not treated correctly and other staff actions had been effect by Jackie’s duties so Michelle believed that meeting need to be held. Michelle believed the patient’s pain was impaired, and Jackie’s unwillingness harmed the patients. This was essential to her to demonstrate that the company was devoted to suitable action in giving a precautious workplace of knowledgeable workers/patients. Examinations of moral questions have an organized procedure to decide and choose the best result a problem occurs when there are moral questions with various results. When a problem does not occur there are no moral problems. A great moral result is reliant on good problem recognition and detail meetings. There are many ethical reasons to maintain confidentiality, and some are; protect private data that will consist of respecting others, maintaining sureness, which raises open discussion. We all have the power and guidance to have accountability to exercise in a steadily moral way. References 1. Badzek, L., Mitchell, K., Marra, S., Bower, M., and (Dec.31 1998): Administrative Ethics and Confidentiality/Privacy issues Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol 3, No.3 Retrieved September 29, 2012 www.nursingworld.org 2. Confidentiality in Health Care Health Care Professionals Must Learn the Rules of Confidentiality Sept. 29, 2012 Kathy Quan 3. HIPPA- Overview www.ufl.edu Copyright  © 2005 |University of Florida Retrieved September 29, 2012 Administrative Ethics Paper Essay In to world of healthcare, one thing has become very clear when talking about what is ethical and unethical, and that is if it is unethical it is almost always illegal. When discussing the topic of ethics you cannot leave out behavior. In most cases an individual’s behavioral patterns usually determines their level of ethical thought process. In the text is says this about behavior, â€Å"People’s behavior must match their set of values. It is not enough to believe that patient confidentiality is important if one then freely discusses a patient’s personal information with a coworker or a friend†(Fremgen, 2009). Patient Privacy is the issue at hand and one of the most important laws that we have governing healthcare profession today. According to the American Medical News Journal, patient health information was not being protected or secured to the highest level of standards in the eyes of the AMA (American Medical Association). In order to help improve tha t the AMA approved new policies that will provide a better blanket of security for the medical records of the individuals participating in any medical research (Aston, 1999). See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay Supporting Facts The AMA wants to ensure that any entity in the United States that conducts research on human subjects are gaining proper consent for the research study, and that the consents are not being misused by others. These signed consents are permission slips for researchers to use medical information only for research purposes. The new policies focus on the confidentiality of the patient’s information that is obtained for the sake of medical research, and should not be shared for any other reason then what was originally intended. These policies also focus on accountability of many organizations and schools who conduct research to be ethical in their dealings with human  subjects. Good ethics means good intent and integrity. In terms of research any typing of alterations or fraudulent acts does in display good intent. This was the case with the NIH (National Institute of Health) and NCI (National Cancer Institute) who was accused by the author of the article of not living up to thei r mission statement. The mission statement of the NIH says† Science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to extend health life and reduce the burdens of illness and disability†(Lanfranchi, 2008). It also included a goal which states â€Å"to exemplify and promote the highest level of scientific integrity, public accountability, and social responsibility in the conduct of science† (Lanfranchi, 2008). These goals and mission statements from the outside look great however, it was later discover that fraudulent acts were done because of the pressure the NIH was placing on the researchers. This is a good example of unethical acts in research it start out with good intentions but ended in unethical acts will eventually turn into a legal issue. Ethical and Legal Issues In the article, the issues that were discussed were mainly ethical issues that could potentially turn into major legal issues. One of the issues mentioned was the fact that the IRB’s should have been more concerned with patient health information staying confidential. Though this is important, their main concern was the safety and wellbeing of research participants. The AMA developed recommendations that addressed both the informed consent issue and the confidentiality issue. Another issue was that the U.S. would only be allow a short time frame of 18mths to make stricter privacy laws and after that point federal laws would take over. Aside from the AMA’s recommendations AIVIA is a supporter of the idea that the United States should have the ability to pass stricter privacy laws (Aston,1999). According to research, the AIVIA ( All Indians Village Industries Association) is a board of 18 advisors that consist of distinguished scientist and leaders in public life founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1934(www.mgiri.org). Managerial Responsibilities The article did not discuss any managerial responsibilities in terms of the  issues the AMA were trying to fix. In this case however, the AMA held their ground on the issues and stated that fairness should be across the board. They strongly urged that any time changes are being made to the research study that a new consent must be signed by the participants (Aston, 1999). Solutions The AMA task force is concerned with the improvement of the confidentiality and to joined forces with the IRB’s to create accountability for private research (Aston, 1999). The AMA came up with eight solutions/recommendations for the issues with informed consent and confidentiality and they are as follows: The first solution is to advocate where possible, informed consent should be obtained before personally identifiable health information is used for any purpose. If informed consent is not possible then the information must be stripped for the data and the entity accountable must determine that patient consent is not needed. The second solution states that the AMA urges the government to consider adding to the Common Rule Standards and require researchers to waive/ modify patient consent for the sue of personally identifiable health information only when other protection is in place. The third solution is to lobby for creation of a system in which research projects that fall outside the IRB process would be subject to review by local confidentiality assurance boards. The fourth solution is to make sure that teaching institutions involved in research receive personnel and resources to protect the individuals involved in the research study. The fifth solution states to continue to push for federal laws that provide a continuous layer of patient privacy protection that allows states to pass stronger measures. The sixth solution suggests to develop models of state confidentiality legislation to promote consistency The seventh solution states to continue to push to prohibit the sale and exchange of anyone’s personal identifiable health information. The eighth and final solution suggests to support voluntary of adherence to all IRB’s to the Common Rule Standards regardless of the institutions source of funding (Aston, 1999). References Aston, G., (1999). American Medical News. Delegates firm up privacy policy. Vol.42 (26). Pp.1-3. Fremgen, B, F., (2009). Medical Law and Ethics third ed. Ch.11 Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Medicine. Lanfranchi, A., (2008). Issues in Law and Medicine. The federal Government and Academic Texts as Barriers to informed Consent. Vol. 24 (1) pp. 61-69. Retrieved from http:// www.mgiri.org/about-institute. Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Administration ethics are becoming a very important subject. Administrative individuals are faced with a variety of ethical issues such as confidentiality. This paper will discuss confidentiality and patient privacy and its impact on the population that it affects most, arguments or facts that support a proposed solution, the ethical and legal issues in reference to confidentiality. It will also address the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues as well as any proposed solutions. The administration in any organization has responsibilities to self, to the organization, the clientele served and the employees who provide the services at the organization, so it is important to be aware of ethical issues because they are embedded in the everyday activities (The American Nurses Association, Inc, 2013). Confidentiality Confidential information includes facts that are secret, private or intimate that should not be shared unless it is approved. When dealing confidentiality in this day in time, information systems are becoming high tech and more effective within the health care field as well as an increased involvement of third parties who share the decision process have created some problems in reference to patient confidentiality and the ability to release private information to the appropriate individuals. Confidentiality has a major impact on the administration due to the fact that jobs are at stake when a patient’s privacy has been violated. The population that is affected the most by this is everyone within the administration, meaning the physician as well as the employees. The physician may not disclose any medical information revealed by a patient or discovered by a physician in connection with the treatment of the patient (American Medical Association, 1995-2013). This is important because when patients feel they can trust their physician, he or she can have a better chance being diagnosed appropriately and treated effectively. Without trust, the physician will receive partial information and it will make it difficult to treat patient. Arguments/Facts In reference to confidentiality, something has to be done to incorporate a more efficient way of distributing patient information. Some arguments include requiring ethical awareness, knowledge and decision-making skills as well as having several discussions about different ways to improve, retrospective analysis and ethical education (American Nurses Association, Inc 2013). By doing this the administration will have a more profound idea of what it takes to make sure that they can come up with innovative ways to answer difficult questions in regards to confidentiality. A big question that is often asked when dealing with confidentiality is under what circumstances is confidential information to be released. The fact still remains that any patient information that is released has to be approved or consented by the patient. Policies and regulations should be in place so that the employees comprehend what is appropriate and what is not. Ethical and Legal Issues The administration of any organization is possibly faced with many ethical and legal issues. For example, an employee works for a facility and he is in the office alone and a business calls in for some information regarding communicable diseases. The employee has not received any direct orders or any information from his manager to release information as such to anyone, but the company insists that the information will not be shared. The employee has to make an ethical and legal decision because he realizes that he is releasing patient information without consent and he could possibly lose his job if the information is released. The ethical and legal issues reported for confidentiality include whether or not administration should legitimately violate the confidentiality of an individual, for example, if it is to protect a vulnerable patient, or send confidential information to a third party for a more accurate diagnosis. Some legal issues reported include whether or not to release information to a third party in reference to a communicable disease to attempt to improve or cure diseases (NCBI, 1994). There are many rules and regulations that each state requires and they have to be followed. Managerial Responsibilities Managers have an important duty in understanding and realizing how ethical issues affect’s his or her staff. Managers need to be aware of the many different issues that arise as well as the best possible solutions to solve them. For example, if an employee works for a facility that begins to be more concerned with costs instead of quality and he or she has strong beliefs that it is very important to give the best service possible, this would be difficult for the employee, especially if the mission includes quality is of importance. This could call for high turnover, unacceptable working conditions and unlicensed personnel. With these types of issues, managers need to be there for their staff, so that they can direct them in the proper direction in reference to how to handle certain situations. Managers could take classes as well as employees so that everyone was aware of ethical issues and had a decision making process as how to approach them as they occurred. In this case, the employee should have discussed her feelings about the change to her manager and allowed him or her to make a decision on how to improve or change the decision to focus on cost in lieu of quality. Proposed Solutions Improving confidentiality is definitely an ongoing process due to many different challenges such as there are many different ways to make the process better. Gathering information and facts in reference to confidentiality, promoting training classes as well as keeping up with the rules and regulations in the appropriate states are all ways to help improve the issues with patient confidentiality. Another proposed solution is understanding conflict and reasons to maintain confidentiality. Issues are bound to arise in reference to confidential information and how it was handled; therefore the managers as well as the staff need to have extensive training in regards to confidentiality and how important it is to maintain it. . Conclusion In the conclusion, administration issues in regards to ethics are becoming a very important subject. Working to understand confidentiality and its impact on the population that it affects most, arguments or facts that support a proposed solution, the ethical and legal issues in reference to confidentiality as well as addressing the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues and any proposed solutions is a very productive and effective way to begin maintain confidentiality. Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Biomedical ethical issues are seen frequently in the news and are in constant scrutiny. The demand for social responsibility is high and available resources are limited. Health care leaders are faced with numerous administrative issues regarding patient privacy, research, confidentiality, and terminal illness. Much debate has surrounded medical spending on the terminally ill, such as the cost and allocation of resources toward end-of-life care. Choosing between prolonged life and quality of life are two difficult decisions to make. Nonetheless, it is difficult to base one’s opinion until cancer has taken over one’s life. A close look at administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care will demonstrate the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. The Northern Mariana Islands (NMI) is a part of the United States territory because it’s establishment of commonwealth in political union and is home to approximately 44,000 people (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). Because of the increase in chronic diseases and lack of available resources, several residents are referred to go off the island to seek health care in Guam and Hawaii (Doty, 2012). However, the medical referral program has a crucial problem with financing because of the large amount already owed (Doty, 2012). Although a budget of $2. 5 million is allotted for health care expenses for the medical referral program, it only covers half of the costs incurred in 2011 (Doty, 2012). Therefore, officials viewed rationing of medical services necessary to keep costs at bay. Among the rationing of medical services is the allocation of resources to terminally ill patients. According to Doty (2012), a medical provider states, â€Å"As a community, we must address the reality of spending precious resources on end-stage patients who will die within a short amount of time with or without medical treatment. † The method of triage rationing raises ethical concerns because patients are treated as if they were soldiers out on a battlefield where only those with a higher chance of survival are saved. Although unspoken, the practice of rationing services is common in the NMI. The population is negatively impacted by the health care crisis and the lack of hospice care. Family members of ailing patients are seen holding signs requesting for donations so their loved one may receive off-island treatment (Doty, 2012, para. 33). Cost and allocation of resources are clearly administrative issues that need ethical evaluation. A senior administrator of the NMI seems lost at finding a solution and reminisces of the time when people accepted their fate and lived on the principle, â€Å"we live and die on our islands† (Doty, 2012). The ethical and legal implications of rationing health services have many facets. Generosity and independence are among the ethical principles associated with allocating health resources; however, that is not the case when resources are scarce and funding is limited. As demonstrated in the NMI, mainly the poor and middle class are subjected to health care rationing. Aside from the poor, people most affected by health care rationing are the elderly and disabled persons (Peters, 1995). It is unethical of those with tremendous discretionary power to favor the prestigious over the poor or disabled. However, rationing based on the ability to pay already exists and is completely legal, such as rationing care of Medicaid patients or rationing by insurance companies (Fremgen, 2009). Although some people may believe rationing health care is unethical, it is economically inevitable as the demand for scarce health care resources increase. Therefore, it requires ethical consideration when allocating health resources. According to the article, the proposed solution is a policy on medical care rationing (Doty, 2012). However, some politicians claim the unnamed policy is already put into practice. Furthermore, the administration proposes a tighter budget for the 2012 fiscal year but does not elaborate on how it will be accomplished (Doty, 2012). The manager of the medical referral services suggested to administration that the program be suspended and only used for emergency cases (Doty, 2012). However, no action has been taken to suspend the program. Another suggested solution is to place high emphasis on prevention and primary care to avoid excessive referrals during critical stages. Furthermore, hospice care is not available to everyone on the NMI, which if made an option, may minimize the health crisis by decreasing the demand of health care resources. Nonetheless, evaluating the effectiveness of treatment and cost is essential in allocating resources. Managers are responsible for implementing cost/benefit analysis to best use the institution’s resources. Peters (1995) states, â€Å"Cost-effectiveness calculations have the appeal of incorporating outcomes research, patient preferences, and expected costs into a rational and potentially sophisticated scheme for maximizing health care outcomes from the available resources. † However, cost/benefit analysis alone should not be the primary basis for allocating resources. Managers must also ensure health resources are distributed equitably. Nevertheless, a solid solution has not yet to develop as the situation worsens in the NMI. A leader’s responsibility and accountability for appropriately rationing healthcare is tremendous. Because resources are limited, leaders must diligently follow eligibility criteria that satisfy legal and social standards. However, the approach is not easy and frequent subject of debate. Some consider health resource allocation is necessary but others find it morally repugnant. Therefore, the manager’s responsibility toward allocation decisions requires evaluation of distributive justice principles for ethical dilemmas. For example, need, equity, contribution, ability to pay, patient effort, and merit are principles useful in determining resources allocation (Armstrong, 1998). Each patient situation has unique circumstances that require healthcare leaders to view subjectively. Nonetheless, leader’s responsibility is to set clear guidelines for allocating resources so health care providers can remain advocates for their patients. Allocation of medical services in poverty stricken NMI indeed has ethical and legal implications with no easy solution. The population is in dire need of distributive justice. Administrators are at a loss with the health care crisis of financial burden and limited resources. Nonetheless, health care leaders must fulfill their obligations to their organization and community by using ethical principles to guide them in making difficult decisions. Nevertheless, perhaps proposed solutions turned into policy may minimize the need for off-island medical referrals. Administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care demonstrated the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. Administration indeed has tremendous social responsibility.